Suchergebnisse

This is the final version. Available on open access from Frontiers Media via the DOI in this record ; Data availability: The research data supporting this publication are provided within this paper and as supplementary information. ; In mammals, peroxisomes perform crucial functions in cellular metabolism, signalling and viral defense which are essential to the viability of the organism. Molecular cues triggered by changes in the cellular environment induce a dynamic response in peroxisomes, which manifests itself as a change in peroxisome number, altered enzyme levels and adaptations to the peroxisomal morphology. How the regulation of this process is integrated into the cell's response to different stimuli, including the signalling pathways and factors involved, remains unclear. Here, a cell-based peroxisome proliferation assay has been applied to investigate the ability of different stimuli to induce peroxisome proliferation. We determined that serum stimulation, long-chain fatty acid supplementation and TGFβ application all increase peroxisome elongation, a prerequisite for proliferation. Time-resolved mRNA expression during the peroxisome proliferation cycle revealed a number of peroxins whose expression correlated with peroxisome elongation, including the β isoform of PEX11, but not the α or γ isoforms. An initial map of putative regulatory motif sites in the respective promoters showed a difference between binding sites in PEX11α and PEX11β, suggesting that these genes may be regulated by distinct pathways. A functional SMAD2/3 binding site in PEX11β points to the involvement of the TGFβ signalling pathway in expression of this gene and thus peroxisome proliferation/dynamics in humans. ; Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; European Union FP7 ; Medical Research Council (MRC)

The definition of functions and categories -- Syntactic-morphological discrepancies in Maltese sentence structure -- Heuristic problems concerning the identification of grammatical relations: the case of the Westgermania (Dutch — English — German) -- Verb complements and sentence complements: two different types of relation -- Observations on the syntax of English nominals -- Constructional properties of the sentence -- The structure of infinitival perception verb complements in a transformational grammar -- Passive in a semantic dependency network -- Verb-first clauses in Icelandic, successive cyclic wh-movement and syntactic binding -- The construction of the infinitive with causative movement verbs in French -- Generalized union -- On the status of verbal reflexives -- Reflexivization in English -- Tense and aspect -- The temporal reference of the English futurate -- Prolegomena to a semantic analysis of phase-indicating verbal periphrases in Portuguese -- Time, tense and restriction (On the French periphrasis 'venir de + infinitive') -- The organization of grammar -- The configurational matrix -- Towards plausibility in theories of language acquisition -- References.